What happens when succinate is converted to fumarate?
3.1 Enzyme role Succinate dehydrogenase oxidizes succinate to fumarate, thereby donating electrons to the ETC. Two distinct succinate dehydrogenase enzymes (SDH-1 and SDH-2) play complementary roles in the early part of the oxphos pathway.
How is fumarate formed from succinate?
The enzyme succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the removal of two hydrogens from succinate in the sixth reaction of the citric acid cycle. In the reaction, a molecule of FAD, a coenzyme similar to NAD, is reduced to FADH2 as it takes the hydrogens from succinate. The product of this reaction is fumarate.
Does succinate reduce fumarate?
The succinate dehydrogenase complex, associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, catalyzes the dehydrogenation of succinate to fumarate, reducing the FAD cofactor bound to the enzyme. This redox potential is then used in the electron transfer chain to drive a proton motive force to generate ATP.
What is the oxidation of succinate to fumarate?
Succinate is oxidized to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase. The hydrogen acceptor is FAD rather than NAD+, which is used in the other three oxidation reactions in the cycle. In succinate dehydrogenase, the isoalloxazine ring of FAD is covalently attached to a histidine side chain of the enzyme (denoted E-FAD).
How is succinate oxidized to fumarate on SDHA?
Regarding the mechanistic aspects of the SDH action, succinate is oxidized to fumarate on SDHA and reduces FAD to FADH 2. In turn, FADH 2 transfers electrons to consecutive iron–sulfur centers localized in SDHB. Subsequently, the quinone binding site receives electrons and protons probably from the 3Fe–4S cluster.
How does itaconate inhibit the oxidation of succinate?
Here, we show that itaconate modulates macrophage metabolism and effector functions by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase-mediated oxidation of succinate. Through this action, itaconate exerts anti-inflammatory effects when administered in vitro and in vivo during macrophage activation and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
What is the role of succinate dehydrogenase in the OXPHOS pathway?
Succinate dehydrogenase oxidizes succinate to fumarate, thereby donating electrons to the ETC. Two distinct succinate dehydrogenase enzymes (SDH-1 and SDH-2) play complementary roles in the early part of the oxphos pathway. SDH-1 is the more important, functioning during aerobic growth to control the redox state of the menaquinone pool.
How is the metabolism of succinate intertwined?
Furthermore, succinate metabolism is intertwined with the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids among other metabolites, as well as heme synthesis, ketone bodies utilization, and the GABA shunt.
